Ulcerative Colitis vs Crohn’s Disease ( Comparative Study ) Feature Ulcerative Colitis Crohn’s Disease Area involved Colon only Anywhere mouth → anus Most common site Rectum always involved Terminal ileum common Pattern Continuous Skip lesions Depth Mucosa & submucosa Transmural Rectum Always involved Often spared Fistula Rare Common Stricture Rare Common Granuloma Absent Present (non-caseating)...

SCALP : ANATOMY (Mnemonic SCALP) 1. Skin – Thick and hair-bearing, Contains numerous sebaceous glands and sweat glands, Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves 2. Connective Tissue (Dense)- Dense, fibrous layer, Contains blood vessels and nerves, Vessels are firmly anchored → profuse bleeding when cut (they cannot retract easily) 3. Aponeurosis (Galea Aponeurotica) –...

Basic skills to hold surgical instruments Basic skills to hold surgical instruments refer to the proper techniques used to handle instruments safely, accurately, and efficiently during surgical procedures. Proper Grip Hold instruments firmly but not too tight. Maintain control without causing hand fatigue. Use correct finger placement for each instrument. Scalpel Holding Technique Pen grip...

BASIC SURGERY SERIES – LECTURE 1 Position of a surgeon– It depends the case and need of the surgery. Surgeon should be comfort when he operates a case. Surgeon should be sitting and standing as per need. For right-handed surgeon, it is better to stand to the right side of the patient but as per...

Fluid & Electrolytes (Clinical Points) 1. Body Fluids •Total body water ≈ 50–60% of body weight •Intracellular fluid (ICF): ~2/3 of body fluid (inside cells) •Extracellular fluid (ECF): ~1/3 (plasma, interstitial, transcellular) 2. Fluid Balance •Maintained by intake vs output •Regulated by: Kidneys Hormones: ADH, Aldosterone, ANP Thirst mechanism 3. Movement of Fluids •Diffusion: movement...

HERNIA Definition Hernia is the protrusion of a viscus or part of a viscus through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity that normally contains it, covered by peritoneum (except some types). Components of Hernia 1. Hernial Orifice – Defect/opening 2. Hernial Sac – Neck, Body, Fundus 3. Contents Omentum (most common) Small...

Local Anaesthesia Local Anaesthesia is part of anaesthesia that is used for localized reversible loss of sensation.  Type of local anaesthesia- There are 4 types    –      S I N F Surface Anaesthesia –                Example- Xylocaine jelly 2%                    Xylocaine viscous 4%                    Xylocaine spray 10% Infiltration Anaesthesia Nerve block Anaesthesia   Xylocaine injection...